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问题一：but that 和 but for 表示“要不是....的话”，区别是前者跟从句，后者跟名词或名词性短语，老师，这样分析对吗？
问题二：To my surprise the door was unlocked .可以改写成The door to my surprise was unlocked .吗
问题三：The ship was regard as unsinkable .为什么regard as 后面还能接形容词？

一个一个回答，如下：

Q1
这个问题最好能给个例句分析，不过暂就我的理解解释如下。
字典上的解释， but for 是介词（preposition），相当于were it not for；but that 相当于that，字典中的解释是其用于否定后
THAT ― used after a negative <there is no doubt but that it must be done>

Q2
可以，但to my surprise的前后要加逗号，即
The door, to my surprise, was unlocked.

Q3
was regarded as （你原句中错掉了，不是regard）相当于 was considered ...或was supposed to be...，后者容易理解其后可接形容词。
再看几句例句：
We regard your action as a crime/as criminal. 我们认为你这种行为是犯罪行为.
Paul seemed to regard sex as sinful and immoral.
Edith was widely regarded as (=considered by many people to be) eccentric.
由此可看出这个结构可跟名词或形容词。

关于but for 和but that 的例句：
Jane , a good friend of mine ,would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time .
But for that rain , we should have had a pleasant jouney.
问题一：but that 和 but for 表示“要不是....的话”，区别是前者跟句子，后者跟名词或名词性短语，不能跟句子，老师，这样分析对吗？

but that这个一般是翻译成“若非”，也就是你说的“要不是……的话”，这个组合接真实情况，也就是说不用虚拟式，主句（即“好友简本来会帮助我们”）要用虚拟式。

你的理解是对的，参考几个例句。

But that I saw it, I could not have believed it. 要不是我亲眼所见，我决不会相信。
But that you helped us, we could not have been rich. 要不是你的帮助，我们不会富裕起来。

The purse is empty but for a few coins. 除了几枚硬币外，钱包里空空的。
She could have remarried but for her little daughter. 为了女儿她才没有结婚。

谢谢老师，明白了